Calculator References

7 point checklist for Melanoma

More evidence for the 7 point checklist for Melanoma

• Walter, F.M., Prevost, A.T., Vasconcelos, J., Hall, P.N., Burrows, N.P., Morris, H.C., Kinmonth, A.L. and Emery, J.D. (2013). Using the 7-point checklist as a diagnostic aid for pigmented skin lesions in general practice: a diagnostic validation study. The British Journal of General Practice, [online] 63(610), pp.e345–e353.
• Walter, F.M., Prevost, A.T., Vasconcelos, J., Hall, P.N., Burrows, N.P., Morris, H.C., Kinmonth, A.L. and Emery, J.D. (2013b). Using the 7-point checklist as a diagnostic aid for pigmented skin lesions in general practice: a diagnostic validation study. The British Journal of General Practice, [online] 63(610), pp.e345–e353.
• Mackie RM. An illustrated guide to the recognition of malignant melanoma. Glasgow: Glasgow University Department of Dermatology; 1985. [Google Scholar]
• Mackie RM. Malignant melanoma. A guide to early diagnosis. Glasgow: Glasgow University Department of Dermatology; 1989. [Google Scholar]
• NICE (2006) Improving outcomes for people with skin tumours including melanoma. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. [Free Full-text]
• National Institute for Health and care Excellence (2016) Skin cancer. NICE. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/qs130
• NICE (2016a) Skin cancer prevention. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. [Free Full-text]
• NICE (2016b) Sunlight exposure: risks and benefits. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. [Free Full-text]
• NICE (2020) Vitamin D: supplement use in specific population groups. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. [Free Full-text]
• NICE (2021) Suspected cancer: recognition and referral. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. [Free Full-text]
• NICE (2022) Melanoma: assessment and management. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. [Free Full-text]

Centor Score (Modified/McIsaac) for Strep Pharyngitis

More evidence for the Centor Score (Modified/McIsaac) for Strep Pharyngitis.

• © NICE 2018 "Sore throat (acute): antimicrobial prescribing"

  All rights reserved. Subject to Notice of rights. NICE guidance is prepared for the National Health Service in England. All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn. NICE accepts no responsibility for the use of its content in this product/publication.

• McIsaac, W.J., White, D., Tannenbaum, D. and Low, D.E. (1998). A clinical score to reduce unnecessary antibiotic use in patients with sore throat. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal, [online] 158(1), pp.75–83.
• Nadeau, N., Kimia, A. and Fine, A.M. (2019). Impact of viral symptoms on the performance of the modified centor score to predict pediatric group A streptococcal pharyngitis. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine.
• Fine, A.M., Nizet, V. and Mandl, K.D. (2012). Large-Scale Validation of the Centor and McIsaac Scores to Predict Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis. Archives of Internal Medicine, 172(11).

CIWA-Ar for Alcohol Withdrawal

More evidence for the CIWA-Ar for Alcohol Withdrawal.

• Sullivan et al. (1989) Assessment of alcohol withdrawal: the revised Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol scale (CIWA–Ar). British Journal of Addiction 84:1353-1357.
• Wesson, D.R. and Ling, W. (2003). The Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS). Journal of psychoactive drugs, [online] 35(2), pp.253–9.
• Reoux JP, Miller K. Routine hospital alcohol detoxification practice compared to symptom triggered management with an Objective Withdrawal Scale (CIWA-Ar). Am J Addict. 2000;9(2):135-144.

COWS Score for Opiate Withdrawal

More evidence for the COWS Score for Opiate Withdrawal.

• Wesson, D.R. and Ling, W. (2003). The Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS). Journal of psychoactive drugs, [online] 35(2), pp.253–9.
• NCCMH (2010). Drug misuse: Opioid detoxification THE NICE GUIDELINE. [online] Section "5.4.3 Monitoring of withdrawal"

CRB-65

More evidence for the CRB-65 Score for Pneumonia Severity

• © NICE 2016 "Pneumonia in adults"

  All rights reserved. Subject to Notice of rights. NICE guidance is prepared for the National Health Service in England. All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn. NICE accepts no responsibility for the use of its content in this product/publication.

• Lim, W.S. (2003b). Defining community acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: an international derivation and validation study. Thorax, 58(5), pp.377–382.
• Lim, W.S., Baudouin, S.V., George, R.C., Hill, A.T., Jamieson, C., Le Jeune, I., Macfarlane, J.T., Read, R.C., Roberts, H.J., Levy, M.L., Wani, M. and Woodhead, M.A. (2009). BTS Guidelines for the Management of Community Acquired Pneumonia in adults: Update 2009. Thorax, [online] 64(Suppl 3), pp.iii1–iii55.
• Lim, W.S., Baudouin, S.V., George, R.C., Hill, A.T., Jamieson, C., Le Jeune, I., Macfarlane, J.T., Read, R.C., Roberts, H.J., Levy, M.L., Wani, M. and Woodhead, M.A. (2009b). BTS Guidelines for the Management of Community Acquired Pneumonia in adults: Update 2009. Thorax, [online] 64(Suppl 3), pp.iii1–iii55.

CURB-65 Score for Pneumonia Severity

More evidence for the CURB-65 Score for Pneumonia Severity.

• © NICE 2019 "Pneumonia (community-acquired): antimicrobial prescribing"

  All rights reserved. Subject to Notice of rights. NICE guidance is prepared for the National Health Service in England. All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn. NICE accepts no responsibility for the use of its content in this product/publication.

• Lim, W.S. (2003). Defining community acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: an international derivation and validation study. Thorax, 58(5), pp.377–382.
• British Thoracic Society (2019). Pneumonia Adults | British Thoracic Society | Better lung health for all. [online] Brit-thoracic.org.uk.

Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS)

TBC

FeverPAIN Score

More evidence for the FeverPAIN Score.

• © NICE 2018 "Sore throat (acute): antimicrobial prescribing"

  All rights reserved. Subject to Notice of rights. NICE guidance is prepared for the National Health Service in England. All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn. NICE accepts no responsibility for the use of its content in this product/publication.

• Little, P., Hobbs, F.R., Mant, D., McNulty, C.A. and Mullee, M. (2012). Incidence and clinical variables associated with streptococcal throat infections: a prospective diagnostic cohort study. British Journal of General Practice, 62(604), pp.e787–e794.
• Little, P., Hobbs, F.D.R., Moore, M., Mant, D., Williamson, I., McNulty, C., Cheng, Y.E., Leydon, G., McManus, R., Kelly, J., Barnett, J., Glasziou, P. and Mullee, M. (2013). Clinical score and rapid antigen detection test to guide antibiotic use for sore throats: randomised controlled trial of PRISM (primary care streptococcal management). BMJ, [online] 347(oct10 3), pp.f5806–f5806.

GAD-7 (General Anxiety Disorder-7)

More information and evidence for GAD-7 (General Anxiety Disorder-7)

• © NICE 2021 "Common mental health disorders: Identification and pathways to care"

  All rights reserved. Subject to Notice of rights. NICE guidance is prepared for the National Health Service in England. All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn. NICE accepts no responsibility for the use of its content in this product/publication.

• Johnson, S.U., Ulvenes, P.G., Øktedalen, T. and Hoffart, A. (2019). Psychometric Properties of the General Anxiety Disorder 7-Item (GAD-7) Scale in a Heterogeneous Psychiatric Sample. Frontiers in Psychology, [online] 10(1713).
• Spitzer, R.L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J.B.W. and Löwe, B. (2006). A Brief Measure for Assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), pp.1092–1097.
• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2011). Generalised anxiety disorder and panic disorder in adults: management Clinical guideline.

Glasgow Coma Scale/Score (GCS)

More evidence for the Glasgow Coma Scale/Score (GCS).

• © NICE 2023 "Head injury: assessment and early management"

  All rights reserved. Subject to Notice of rights. NICE guidance is prepared for the National Health Service in England. All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn. NICE accepts no responsibility for the use of its content in this product/publication.

• Moore, L., Lavoie, A., Camden, S., Le Sage, N., Sampalis, J.S., Bergeron, E. and Abdous, B. (2006). Statistical Validation of the Glasgow Coma Score. The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, 60(6), pp.1238–1244.
• Teasdale, G. and Jennett, B. (1974). ASSESSMENT OF COMA AND IMPAIRED CONSCIOUSNESS. The Lancet, 304(7872), pp.81–84.

Glasgow Modified Alcohol Withdrawal Scale (GMAWS)

More evidence for the Glasgow Modified Alcohol Withdrawal Scale (GMAWS).

• McPherson, A., Benson, G. and Forrest, E.H. (2012). Appraisal of the Glasgow assessment and management of alcohol guideline: a comprehensive alcohol management protocol for use in general hospitals. QJM, [online] 105(7), pp.649–656.
• Benson, G., McPherson, A., McCallum, J. and Roberts, N. (2019). Development of an alcohol withdrawal risk stratification tool based on patients referred to an addiction liaison nursing service in Glasgow. Drugs and Alcohol Today, 19(4), pp.241–250.
• Forrest, E. (2023). CLINICAL GUIDELINE Glasgow Assessment and Management of Alcohol (GMAWS) Adult Inpatients GGC. [online]
• Wesson, D.R. and Ling, W. (2003b). The Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS). Journal of psychoactive drugs, [online] 35(2), pp.253–9.
• Tompkins, D.A., Bigelow, G.E., Harrison, J.A., Johnson, R.E., Fudala, P.J. and Strain, E.C. (2009). Concurrent validation of the Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS) and single-item indices against the Clinical Institute Narcotic Assessment (CINA) opioid withdrawal instrument. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, [online] 105(1-2), pp.154–159.

mMRC Dyspnoea Scale

More information and evidence for mMRC Dyspnoea Scale

• © NICE 2019 "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in over 16s: diagnosis and management"

  All rights reserved. Subject to Notice of rights. NICE guidance is prepared for the National Health Service in England. All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn. NICE accepts no responsibility for the use of its content in this product/publication.

NEWS2

More evidence for NEWS2.

• Smith, G.B., Redfern, O.C., Pimentel, M.A., Gerry, S., Collins, G.S., Malycha, J., Prytherch, D., Schmidt, P.E. and Watkinson, P.J. (2019). The National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS2). Clinical Medicine, [online] 19(3), pp.260–260.
• Royal College of Physicians (2017). National Early Warning Score (NEWS) 2. [online] Royal College of Physicians.
• © NICE 2020 "National Early Warning Score systems that alert to deteriorating adult patients in hospital"

  All rights reserved. Subject to Notice of rights. NICE guidance is prepared for the National Health Service in England. All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn. NICE accepts no responsibility for the use of its content in this product/publication.

Ottawa Knee Rule

More evidence for the Ottawa Knee Rule

• Sims, J.I., Chau, M.T. and Davies, J.R. (2020). Diagnostic accuracy of the Ottawa Knee Rule in adult acute knee injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Radiology, 30(8).
• Allott, N.E.H., Banger, M.S. and McGregor, A.H. (2022). Evaluating the diagnostic pathway for acute ACL injuries in trauma centres: a systematic review. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 23(1).
• Stiell, I.G., Greenberg, G.H., McKnight, R.D., Nair, R.C., McDowell, I. and Worthington, J.R. (1992). A study to develop clinical decision rules for the use of radiography in acute ankle injuries. Annals of emergency medicine, [online] 21(4), pp.384–90.

Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2)

More evidence for the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2).

• American Psychological Association (2020). Patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9 & PHQ-2). American Psychological Association. [online] Jun.
• Levis, B., Sun, Y., He, C., Wu, Y., Krishnan, A., Bhandari, P.M., Neupane, D., Imran, M., Brehaut, E., Negeri, Z., Fischer, F.H., Benedetti, A. and Thombs, B.D. (2020). Accuracy of the PHQ-2 Alone and in Combination With the PHQ-9 for Screening to Detect Major Depression. JAMA, 323(22), p.2290.
• © NICE 2022 "Depression in adults: treatment and management"

  All rights reserved. Subject to Notice of rights. NICE guidance is prepared for the National Health Service in England. All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn. NICE accepts no responsibility for the use of its content in this product/publication.

Pediatric Early Warning Score (PEWS)

More evidence for the Pediatric Early Warning Score (PEWS).

• NHS England (2023). NHS England» National paediatric early warning system (PEWS) observation and escalation charts. [online] www.england.nhs.uk.

PHQ-9 Depression Test Questionnaire

More evidence for the PHQ-9 Depression Test Questionnaire.

• © NICE 2014 "Assessment and treatment of depression in adults in primary care"

  All rights reserved. Subject to Notice of rights. NICE guidance is prepared for the National Health Service in England. All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn. NICE accepts no responsibility for the use of its content in this product/publication.

• Levis, B., Sun, Y., He, C., Wu, Y., Krishnan, A., Bhandari, P.M., Neupane, D., Imran, M., Brehaut, E., Negeri, Z., Fischer, F.H., Benedetti, A. and Thombs, B.D. (2020b). Accuracy of the PHQ-2 Alone and in Combination With the PHQ-9 for Screening to Detect Major Depression. JAMA, 323(22), p.2290.

PERC Rule for Pulmonary Embolism (PERC)

More evidence for the PERC Rule for Pulmonary Embolism.

• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2023) Venous thromboembolic diseases: diagnosis, management and thrombophilia testing, NG158.
• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2023) Venous thromboembolic diseases: diagnosis, management and thrombophilia testing, supporting document for the refresh of recommendation 1.1.16 on the PERC rule (NICE guideline NG158).

Wells' Criteria for DVT

More evidence for Wells' Criteria for DVT.

• © NICE 2021 "Venous thromboembolism in adults"

  All rights reserved. Subject to Notice of rights. NICE guidance is prepared for the National Health Service in England. All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn. NICE accepts no responsibility for the use of its content in this product/publication.

• © NICE 2023 "Venous thromboembolic diseases: diagnosis, management and thrombophilia testing"

  All rights reserved. Subject to Notice of rights. NICE guidance is prepared for the National Health Service in England. All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn. NICE accepts no responsibility for the use of its content in this product/publication.

• Wells, P.S., Hirsh, J., Anderson, D.R., Lensing, A.W., Foster, G., Kearon, C., Weitz, J., D'Ovidio, R., Cogo, A. and Prandoni, P. (1995). Accuracy of clinical assessment of deep-vein thrombosis. Lancet (London, England), [online] 345(8961), pp.1326–30.
• Wells, P.S., Anderson, D.R., Bormanis, J., Guy, F., Mitchell, M., Gray, L., Clement, C., Robinson, K.S. and Lewandowski, B. (1997). Value of assessment of pretest probability of deep-vein thrombosis in clinical management. Lancet (London, England), [online] 350(9094), pp.1795–1798.
• Wells, P.S., Anderson, D.R., Rodger, M., Forgie, M., Kearon, C., Dreyer, J., Kovacs, G., Mitchell, M., Lewandowski, B. and Kovacs, M.J. (2003b). Evaluation of D-dimer in the diagnosis of suspected deep-vein thrombosis. The New England Journal of Medicine, [online] 349(13), pp.1227–1235.

Wells' Criteria for Pulmonary Embolism

More information and evidence for Wells' Criteria for Pulmonary Embolism

• Wells, P.S., Anderson, D.R., Rodger, M., Forgie, M., Kearon, C., Dreyer, J., Kovacs, G., Mitchell, M., Lewandowski, B. and Kovacs, M.J. (2003). Evaluation of D-dimer in the diagnosis of suspected deep-vein thrombosis. The New England Journal of Medicine, [online] 349(13), pp.1227–1235.
• © NICE 2023 "Venous thromboembolic diseases: diagnosis, management and thrombophilia testing"

  All rights reserved. Subject to Notice of rights. NICE guidance is prepared for the National Health Service in England. All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn. NICE accepts no responsibility for the use of its content in this product/publication.

• Wolf SJ, McCubbin TR, Feldhaus KM, Faragher JP, Adcock DM. Prospective validation of Wells Criteria in the evaluation of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Ann Emerg Med. 2004 Nov;44(5):503-10. PubMed PMID: 15520710.
• © NICE 2023 "Venous thromboembolic diseases: diagnosis, management and thrombophilia testing"

  All rights reserved. Subject to Notice of rights. NICE guidance is prepared for the National Health Service in England. All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn. NICE accepts no responsibility for the use of its content in this product/publication.

• Wells, P.S., Anderson, D.R., Rodger, M., Stiell, I., Dreyer, J.F., Barnes, D., Forgie, M., Kovacs, G., Ward, J. and Kovacs, M.J. (2001). Excluding Pulmonary Embolism at the Bedside without Diagnostic Imaging: Management of Patients with Suspected Pulmonary Embolism Presenting to the Emergency Department by Using a Simple Clinical Model and d-dimer. Annals of Internal Medicine, [online] 135(2), p.98.